Friday, March 27, 2020

The struggle of our lives: Coronavirus and capitalist crisis

Joe Sims has been a friend for a very long time. He is a serious student of democratic, socialist and communist history and ideology. I am fond of quibbling with him. But I won't. I think he nails it here.  
The struggle of our lives:  Coronavirus and capitalist crisis

Joe Sims
http://www.cpusa.org/article/the-struggle-of-our-lives-copd-19-and-capitalist-crisis/

In a new and dangerous twist to the coronavirus crisis, Donald Trump is now calling for an end to social distancing perhaps as early as Easter. His goal is to restart the economy and avoid the worst impact of the coming recession.

Can you imagine: Trump in the crudest and most callous possible way is attempting to solve the crisis on the backs of our working class and people. It wasn't enough that the administration ignored each and every warning from the scientific community and called it a hoax and a scam. It wasn't enough that they are using the crisis to turn immigrants back at the border and bust unions.

Now, Trump is willing to risk the health and lives of millions of workers in order to satisfy the Wall Street Journal and corporate America's quest for maximum profits. They think that, since most people under 50 years of age who contract the virus will  experience only mild symptoms, reopening the country won't be a problem. The theory is that those most affected by the coronavirus will develop an immunity, and the virus will end. They call this "herd immunity." And it might have worked in early January before the pandemic became widespread in the U.S.

But here's the problem: because Trump refused to test early—and even refused the World Health Organization's offer for free tests—public health experts still have no idea how many people are infected. And the rate of infection is doubling and tripling. Today in New York, the new epicenter of the crisis, hospitals are close to being overwhelmed.

The whole purpose of social distancing is to slow the rate of infection so that the hospital workers can deal with the influx of critically ill patients. But if Trump's return-to-work plan goes through, hospitals will be pushed to the verge of collapse.

We are living in an era of crisis.

The country is faced with more than a health crisis. It's also an economic crisis. In addition, it's a political, social, and environmental crisis. And these crises are interlocking, interengaging, and interacting in ways that can't be anticipated.

Who would have thought that a month ago, even two weeks ago, a health crisis would shake the very foundations of the capitalist system? This is not an exaggeration; the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis estimated that the unemployment rate could be as high as 30%—higher than during the Great Depression.

The service economy is shutting down. The entertainment industry, restaurants, and bars are closing. And because the crisis is international, it's going to affect basic industry, from cars to iPhones, as supply chains are disrupted and production comes to a halt. With just-in-time-production, spare parts are scarce. If factories in other countries don't send them here, workers get laid off. Laid-off workers don't buy products, and the circulation process is affected: business shuts down, state and local governments lose revenue, and the whole thing starts to unravel. That's what's starting to happen.

The fascist danger is growing.

On top of all this, there's a political crisis, in the first place with respect to the elections. Already several state primaries have been postponed, and it's not beyond possibility that Trump may attempt to postpone the general election in November. The conservative Rasmussen poll recently claimed that 25% of Americans support postponement.

Needless to say, such an eventuality must be resolutely opposed.

Adding to the depth of the crisis is the administration's ideologically driven approach to governing, one aspect of which is the "dismantling the administrative state." One of the reasons that Trump was not prepared for the pandemic is that in 2018 the Executive Branch got rid of the office of the Senior Director for Global Health Security and Biothreats, established during the Ebola crisis. They also drastically cut funding for the Centers for Disease Control, which oversees combating the spread of pandemics in other countries.

Hence, it's not an accident that they at first refused to take effective federal action and put everything on the governors or that they have refused to use the Defense Production Act to compel industries to produce the goods necessary to combat the crisis. It all grows out of their alt-right approach to ruling the country. Those who claim the president is not ideologically driven might take another look.

All of this requires a political response, but that, too, is part of the crisis. As necessary as the stay-at-home policy and social distancing is, it raises enormous issues: How do you protest when you can't gather in groups of more than ten, when doing so risks being charged. One idea is to organize car caravans with protest signs to the homes and offices of elected officials. Another is pot-banging protests used effectively in Latin American protests.  A third is the organizations of rent strikes in support of tenants facing eviction.

Added to this is the fact that the crisis increases risks associated with fascist danger that go beyond election postponement as grave as it is.   The Justice Department is reportedly considering state of emergency provisions that would end the right of people who are arrested to appear before a judge, eliminating habeas corpus. One could be held indefinitely without trial, so long as a state of emergency exists. Other plans are being contemplated for setting up military rule and martial law in the event of a collapse in the order of succession to the presidency.

Even before the crisis, Trump had initiated purges of individuals deemed disloyal in the federal government along with repeated interference in the judiciary as in the Roger Stone case. Taken as a whole, it's a dangerous situation. Without the 2018 midterm elections, Trump, Barr, and his other henchmen would have had free rein to do as they pleased, limiting the working-class and people's movements' ability to struggle.

People before profits is more important than ever before.

Clearly the only way forward is to struggle for a program and platform that puts people before profits as the point of departure for addressing the crisis. Even by bourgeois accounts, the $2 trillion legislation passed by the Senate—although twice the size of the 2007 bailout—will mitigate only the worst aspects of the crisis.

In the first place this means putting money in the hands of workers—whatever it takes to do this: whether it's a livable monthly stipend, unlimited sick leave, or Medicare For All for the duration of the crisis, or eliminating student debt, ending rent and mortgage payments, or a moratorium on all debt—a debt jubilee. Fidel Castro used to say that the Third World's debt is unpayable and uncollectable: the same holds true for working-class debt here in the "First World," especially for students.

Let's not forget that there will be a racist and sexist dimension to this crisis. Most African Americans and Latinos never recovered from the wealth loss of the subprime rip-off and the consequent impact of the Great Recession. And the majority of those going to work now are black and brown—those most unable to have the resources to respond when and if laid off. These issues will undoubtedly play out with respect to who lives and who dies today.

Special attention has to be given to the incarcerated, including immigrants held in detention in overcrowded conditions, veritable breeding grounds for epidemic. Demands are being placed for an amnesty for elderly prisoners as well as for the release of non-violent offenders.

The point here is that special compensatory measures are required to address the more aggravated social and economic consequences of the crisis on people of color, women, and LGBTQ persons.

The socialist moment arises precisely in those areas where capitalism begins to fail.

In many ways, this crisis has heightened the significance of the socialist moment. In a profound way it has laid bare the gross inequities of the capitalist system. It's laid bare how privatization, austerity, cutbacks, and profiteering wreak havoc on the working-class public.  The socialist moment arises precisely in those areas where capitalism begins to fail.

It's also revealed the ruling class's indifference to working-class plight and circumstance—the rich just don't care. Workers will be sent back to work sick or not, so long as the bosses maintain their profit margins. What will happen when they realize this? Or to be more precise, what will be done to help workers come to this realization, the understanding that there are common interests as a class, that survival requires workers as a class to take the future into their hands. This is not only a question of education but also of platform, of connecting partial demands today with more long-term ones tomorrow.

In this regard, the crisis has raised some tactical questions with respect to the all-people's front and the placing of public—that is, socialist—solutions to the crisis. Depending on how the crisis unfolds, the question looms: can the working class's problems be solved, can the country's crisis be addressed without putting forward socialist solutions? Do not, in circumstances such as these, the national interests coincide with working-class interests? Can a 30% unemployment rate be addressed without massive public works jobs on the order of the WPA? Will the health crisis be met without Medicare For All or universal health care? In the eventuality of a banking crisis, can a solution be found that's in the pub's interest absent socializing the banks? What about the airlines? Calls are already being made for their nationalization.

The most radical demands are not always the most revolutionary.

On the other hand, more limited and therefore more winnable issues have to be considered.  What happens when the $1200 checks run out?  In many places that's one month's rent – if you are lucky. What demands will address what's needed when the extension in unemployment compensations runs dry – and that's coming sooner than later. The most radical demands are not always the most revolutionary.  Consideration always has to be given to what will move the largest and broadest numbers of people around the most effective issue.  Politics begin with the millions.

The election campaign does not preclude addressing these issues—in fact this crisis demands it. The 30–40% who voted for Bernie will expect it; those in the center radicalized by the crisis need it; and the future of the country may depend on such a discussion and action.

The country, indeed, the capitalist world system may be entering a whole new period of profound weather, health,  and economic  calamities.  Consider for example this summer's coming fires in the West, or this fall's hurricanes in the South and East as the inevitable second wave of the coronavirus strikes.

The role of the Party in these circumstances must be to bring our revolutionary working-class communist plus to an analysis of these issues. And on the basis of this analysis, the CP's job must be to, in concert with others, agitate and organize while spreading the word. How do we unite our class and people against the right and big business in these new circumstances? This is a question for peoplesworld.org and for cpusa.org. And it's an issue for every club and district.

In this regard, the Party has got to up its social media and social networking game. For years we've been trying to improve our online activities, not without some progress but not nearly enough. Social distancing now demands it. Everyone must now learn to work in a different way.

This means greater use of the PW and sharing of our articles, not only on the district parties' pages but on the members' personal pages. It means developing an electronic paper route. It means sharing of video, podcasts, and images.

It also means joining local neighborhood mutual aid networks or setting them up to assist people in need. We've often talked about the importance of neighborhood concentration—the technology exists to achieve it via social networking.

In the near future, we're going to develop plans for national schools, local study groups, as well as ongoing webinars. But let's start with a national town hall meeting on addressing the crisis, and let's do it soon.

Comrades, the time is now! A decisive moment has arrived. How the Party acts now will help determine not only our Party's future but also, if we act correctly, the country's.

This report was made to the National Board on March 25, 2020.

UAW President Rory L. Gamble Statement on Federal Stimulus Legislation [feedly]

UAW President Rory L. Gamble Statement on Federal Stimulus Legislation
https://uaw.org/uaw-president-rory-l-gamble-statement-federal-stimulus-legislation/

DETROIT — The legislation unanimously passed in the Senate last night takes important steps for the Nation as we battle the public health and economic crisis stemming from this tragic pandemic.

One of the main things that concerns UAW members is the package fails to provide front line workers with the health and safety protections necessary to keep them from contracting Covid-19. It includes no enforceable workplace standards and does not provide enough resources to frontline workers who are the first line of defense.

Every day this week, the UAW has had to report to members on the deaths of a colleague and friend, and the impact of the illness in all our sectors that have had positive test results.

We are thankful that this stimulus package can help workers, our workplaces, and economy during this crisis. And Senator Schumer and Speaker Pelosi helped improve this package significantly so that it reaches directly into the hands of those desperately in need of assistance. For these reasons, we urge that this Bill be passed by the House and signed into law quickly.

But we must measure our concern for the economy with the health, safety and well-being of our members, their families and the community. To speed up a return to the workplace too soon without relying on scientific data, CDC guidelines and adequate protections could spike the curve of those infected. Haste in this instance can lead to greater infection, more deaths and a disastrous impact on our economy over the long haul.

We ask the Administration and Congress to enact workplace protections. And we ask all those making policy decisions and in corporate boardrooms to be guided by one simple question: "Would you send your family, your son or daughter, into the workplace and be 100% certain they will be safe?"

The post UAW President Rory L. Gamble Statement on Federal Stimulus Legislation appeared first on UAW.


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Without fast action from Congress, low-wage workers will be ineligible for unemployment benefits during the coronavirus crisis

Thursday, March 26, 2020

Brass on anti-Muslim violence in India [feedly]

Brass on anti-Muslim violence in India
http://understandingsociety.blogspot.com/2020/03/brass-on-anti-muslim-violence-in-india.html

The occurrence of anti-Muslim violence, arson, and murder in New Delhi last month is sometimes looked at a simply an unpredictable episode provoked by protest against the citizenship legislation enacted by the BJP and Prime Minister Modi. (See Jeffrey Gettleman and Maria Abi-Habib's New York Times article for a thoughtful and detailed account of the riots in New Delhi; link.) However, Paul Brass demonstrated several decades ago in The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India, that riots and violent episodes like this have a much deeper explanation in Indian politics. His view is that the political ideology of Hindutva (Hindu nationalism) is used by BJP and other extremist parties to advance its own political fortunes. This ideology (and the political program it is designed to support) is a prime cause of continuing violence by Hindu extremists against Muslims and other non-Hindu minorities in India.

Brass asks a handful of crucial and fundamental questions: Do riots serve a function in Indian politics? What are the political interests that are served by intensifying mistrust, fear, and hatred of Muslims by ordinary Hindu workers, farmers, and shopkeepers? How does a framework of divisive discourse contribute to inter-group hatred and conflict? "I intend to show also that a hegemonic discourse exists in Indian society, which I call the communal discourse, which provides a framework for explaining riotous violence." (24). Throughout Brass keeps the actors in mind -- including leaders, organizers, and participants: "It is one of the principal arguments of this book that we cannot understand what happens in riots until we examine in detail the multiplicity of roles and persons involved in them". (29) Here are the central themes of the book:
The whole political order in post-Independence north India and many, if not most of its leading as well as local actors—more markedly so since the death of Nehru—have become implicated in the persistence of Hindu-Muslim riots. These riots have had concrete benefits for particular political organizations as well as larger political uses. (6)
The maintenance of communal tensions, accompanied from time to time by lethal rioting at specific sites, is essential for the maintenance of militant Hindu nationalism, but also has uses for other political parties, organizations, and even the state and central governments. (9)
Brass documents his interpretation through meticulous empirical research, including a review of the demographic and political history of regions of India, a careful timeline of anti-Muslim riots and pogroms since Independence, and extensive interviews with participants, officials, and onlookers in one particularly important city, Aligarh, in Uttar Pradesh (northern India). Brass gives substantial attention to the discourse chosen by Hindu nationalist parties and leaders, and he argues that violent attacks are deliberately encouraged and planned.
Most commonly, the rhetoric is laced with words that encourage its members not to put up any longer with the attacks of the other but to retaliate against their aggression. There are also specific forms of action that are designed to provoke the other community into aggressive action, which is then met with a stronger retaliatory response. (24)
Brass asks the fundamental question:
What interests are served and what power relations are maintained as a consequence of the wide acceptance of the reality of popular communal antagonisms and the inevitability of communal violence? (11)
(We can ask the same question about the rise of nationalist and racist discourse in the United States in the past fifteen years: what interests are served by according legitimacy to the language of white supremacy and racism in our politics?)

Brass rejects the common view that riots in India are "spontaneous" or "responsive to provocation"; instead, he argues that communal Hindu-nationalist riots are systemic and strategic. Violence derives from a discourse of Hindu-Muslim hostility and the legitimization of violence. Given this view that riots and anti-Muslim violence are deliberate political acts in India, Brass offers an analysis of what goes into "making of a riot". He argues that there are three analytically separable phases: preparation / rehearsal; activation / enactment; and explanation / interpretation (15). This view amounts to an interpretation of the politics of Hindu nationalism as an "institutionalized riot system" (15).
When one examines the actual dynamics of riots, one discovers that there are active, knowing subjects and organizations at work engaged in a continuous tending of the fires of communal divisions and animosities, who exercise by a combination of subtle means and confrontational tactics a form of control over the incidence and timing of riots." (31)
This deliberate provocation of violence was evident in the riots in Gujarat in 2002, according to Dexter Filkins in a brilliant piece of journalism on these issues in the New Yorker (link):
The most sinister aspect of the riots was that they appeared to have been largely planned and directed by the R.S.S. Teams of men, armed with clubs, guns, and swords, fanned out across the state's Muslim enclaves, often carrying voter rolls and other official documents that led them to Muslim homes and shops.
Especially important in the question of civil strife and ethnic conflict in any country is the behavior and effectiveness of the police. Do the police work in an even-handed way to suppress violent acts and protect all parties neutrally? And does the justice system investigate and punish the perpetrators of violence? In India the track record is very poor, including in the riots in the early 1990s in Mumbai and in 2002 in Gujarat. Brass writes:
The government of India and the state governments do virtually nothing after a riot to prosecute and convict persons suspected of promoting or participating in riots. Occasionally, but less frequently in recent years, commissions of inquiry are appointed. If the final reports are not too damaging to the government of the day or to the political supporters of that government in the Hindu or Muslim communities, the report may be published More often than not, there is a significant delay before publication. Some reports are never made public. (65)
This pattern was repeated in Delhi during the most recent period of anti-Muslim pogrom. The police stand by while Hindutva thugs attack Muslims, burn homes and shops, and murder the innocent. Conversely, when the police function as representatives of the whole of civil society rather than supporters of a party, they are able to damp down inter-religious killing quickly (as Brass documents in his examination of the period of relative peace in Aligarh between 1978-80 to 1988-90).

Brass is especially rigorous in his development of the case for the deliberate and strategic nature of anti-Muslim bigotry within the politics of Hindu nationalism and its current government. But other experts agree. For example, Ashutosh Varshney described the dynamics of religious conflict in India in very similar terms to those offered by Brass (link):
Organized civic networks, when intercommunal, not only do a better job of withstanding the exogenous communal shocks—like partitions, civil wars, and desecration of holy places; they also constrain local politicians in their strategic behavior. Politicians who seek to polarize Hindu and Muslims for the sake of electoral advantage can tear at the fabric of everyday engagement through the organized might of criminals and gangs. All violent cities in the project showed evidence of a nexus of politicians and criminals. Organized gangs readily disturbed neighborhood peace, often causing migration from communally heterogeneous to communally homogenous neighborhoods, as people moved away in search of physical safety. Without the involvement of organized gangs, large-scale rioting and tens and hundreds of killings are most unlikely, and without the protection afforded by politicians, such criminals cannot escape the clutches of law. Brass has rightly called this arrangement an institutionalized riot system. (378)
A deep look at the anti-Muslim riots in India, and the social and class interests they serve.

Dan Little: Varshney treats these issues in greater detail in his 2002 book, 
Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India.

The greatest impetus to the political use of the politics of hate and the program of Hindu nationalism was the campaign to destroy the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya, UP, in 1992. For an informative and factual account of the Babri Mosque episode and its role within the current phase of Hindu nationalism in India, see Abdul Majid, "The Babri Mosque and Hindu Extremists Movements"; link  

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G.M. Suspends Production Indefinitely and Cuts Paychecks: Live Updates [feedly]

G.M. Suspends Production Indefinitely and Cuts Paychecks: Live Updates
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/26/business/stock-market-rises-coronavirus.html

General Motors said on Thursday it would suspend production at its North American factories indefinitely, lay off 6,500 salaried employees and cut executive pay, signaling that the automaker believes that coronavirus will take a serious toll on its business.

"We are actively monitoring the situation and the possible impact of the crisis on consumer demand," a G.M. spokesman, David Barnas, said. "When we can safely resume production, we will."

G.M. and other automakers shut down their North American plants in the last few days in an effort to prevent the spread of the virus. Most had hoped to restart production next week, but have now scaled back those plans.

Ford Motor aims to restart production at several plants across the United States on April 14, and a plant in Mexico on April 6. Fiat Chrysler said its plants would stay closed until April 14, "dependent upon the various state stay-in-place orders and the readiness of each facility to return to production." Toyota Motor said its North American plants would remain closed until at least April 17.



The United Automobile Workers union has been pushing G.M., Ford and Fiat Chrysler to keep their plants closed.

I
A General Motors assembly plant in Lansing, Mich. The automaker announced emergency measures on Thursday.Credit...Brittany Greeson/The New York Times

"The only guideline in a boardroom should be management asking themselves, 'Would I send my family — my son or my daughter — into the plant and be 100 percent certain they are safe,'" Rory Gamble, the union's president, said in a statement.

To cut costs, G.M. said it was suspending development work on some new models. Senior executives will take a pay cut of 5 percent or 10 percent, and defer 20 percent of their salaries to be paid at a later date. The 6,500 salaried put on furlough will receive 75 percent of their normal pay.

Wall Street shakes off record unemployment claims.

Boeing is up nearly 90 percent this week. American Airlines has jumped almost 50 percent. Carnival Corporation has soared nearly that much as well.

Wall Street has been in rally mode, as investors bid up shares of companies that were set to receive support from Washington's $2 trillion coronavirus aid bill.

With the package advancing through the Senate, the gains continued on Thursday. The S&P 500 climbed 6.2 percent, even after the government reported a staggering jump in unemployment claims by workers.

As it has been all week, investors' focus was on companies likely to get help from the spending plan that passed the Senate on Wednesday night. The House of Representatives and President Trump are expected to approve it.

Boeing rose nearly 14 percent on Thursday because the package specifically sets aside $17 billion for "businesses critical to maintaining national security" — language that was seen as intended at least partly for the aircraft manufacturer and key Pentagon contractor.

Other companies that were hit hard in the early days of the coronavirus outbreak continued to soar. American and Delta Air Lines rose nearly 2 percent. Carnival was up about 14 percent.

The gains on Thursday also spread to Europe, with major benchmarks there reversing their losses to end the day sharply higher. The FTSE 100 in Britain climbed more than 2 percent.



The three-day rally has lifted the S&P 500 by more than 17 percent, its best such run since 1933, according to data from Howard Silverblatt, senior index analyst for S&P Dow Jones Indices. Most of those gains came on Tuesday, when stocks rose 9.4 percent, amid growing hope that the large stimulus package would offer support to an economy crippled by the outbreak and efforts to curtail the spread of the virus.



But the economic crisis is perhaps the most daunting since World War II. On Thursday, a government report showed a record rise in weekly applications for unemployment benefits, which jumped to nearly 3.3 million from 282,000 in a week.

Until now, the record occurred in the fall of 1982, when 695,000 Americans applied for benefits in one week. At that point, the United States was more than a year into a recession, and the unemployment rate had passed 10 percent.

The numbers, released by the Labor Department on Thursday, are some of the first hard data on the economic toll of the coronavirus pandemic, which has shut down whole sectors of American life.


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How Much Each State Will Receive From the Coronavirus Relief Fund in the CARES Act [feedly]

How Much Each State Will Receive From the Coronavirus Relief Fund in the CARES Act
https://www.cbpp.org/research/how-much-each-state-will-receive-from-the-coronavirus-relief-fund-in-the-cares-act

The new bipartisan economic stimulus legislation — known as the CARES Act — contains significant new resources to help states address their massive, immediate budget problems due to COVID-19, though states will almost certainly need more aid in coming months.

The centerpiece of the state aid is the $150 billion Coronavirus Relief Fund, which state, tribal, and local governments can use this year to meet costs connected to the virus. Each state will receive at least $1.25 billion — though the District of Columbia will only receive about $500 million — while the most populous states (California and Texas) will receive over $10 billion each, we estimate. (See Table 1.) In most states, a portion of the funding will go to local governments serving populations over 500,000. Tribal governments will receive $8 billion.

The CARES Act also includes $30 billion for elementary and secondary schools and colleges and universities, $25 billion for mass transit systems, $5 billion for community development block grants (30 percent of which will go to state governments), $3.5 billion for child care, and $400 million to prepare for elections, among other funding directed to states.

States and tribes are incurring huge new costs as they seek to contain and treat the coronavirus and respond to the virus-induced spike in joblessness and related human needs. At the same time, they're projecting sharply lower tax revenues due to the widespread collapse of economic activity brought about by the virus' spread and needed containment activities. If they respond to this dire fiscal crisis by laying off state and tribal employees, scaling back government contracts for businesses, and cutting public services and other forms of spending, those actions will make the recession worse. (Tribes are uniquely vulnerable to the downturn since tribal businesses deeply affected by the virus and downturn, such as casinos, often generate vital government revenue for tribes to run programs such as public health and child care.) Given the economy's extremely rapid decline and the extraordinary damage being done to state, tribal, and local budgets, federal policymakers very likely will need to come back and provide more help to states and families affected by the crisis.

TABLE 1
Distribution of Coronavirus Relief Fund, by State
StateTotal distribution (millions)
Alabama$1,901
Alaska$1,250
Arizona$2,822
Arkansas$1,250
California$15,321
Colorado$2,233
Connecticut$1,382
Delaware$1,250
District of Columbia$495
Florida$8,328
Georgia$4,117
Hawaii$1,250
Idaho$1,250
Illinois$4,914
Indiana$2,610
Iowa$1,250
Kansas$1,250
Kentucky$1,732
Louisiana$1,803
Maine$1,250
Maryland$2,344
Massachusetts$2,673
Michigan$3,873
Minnesota$2,187
Mississippi$1,250
Missouri$2,380
Montana$1,250
Nebraska$1,250
Nevada$1,250
New Hampshire$1,250
New Jersey$3,444
New Mexico$1,250
New York$7,543
North Carolina$4,067
North Dakota$1,250
Ohio$4,533
Oklahoma$1,534
Oregon$1,635
Pennsylvania$4,964
Puerto Rico$2,241
Rhode Island$1,250
South Carolina$1,996
South Dakota$1,250
Tennessee$2,648
Texas$11,243
Utah$1,250
Vermont$1,250
Virginia$3,310
Washington$2,953
West Virginia$1,250
Wisconsin$2,258
Wyoming$1,250
Territories*$263
Tribal governments$8,000
U.S. TOTAL$150,000

*Guam, Virgin Islands, Northern Mariana Islands, and American Samoa

Source: CBPP estimates using population data from the U.S. Census Bureau


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Wednesday, March 25, 2020

Enlighten Radio:LIVE 5:30 -- The End of the Road show -- tonight

The Red Caboose has sent you a link to a blog:



Blog: Enlighten Radio
Post: LIVE 5:30 -- The End of the Road show -- tonight
Link: http://www.enlightenradio.org/2020/03/live-530-end-of-road-show-tonight.html

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